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git clone https://github.com/buildroot/buildroot.git
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cd buildroot
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# 生成对应的.config文件
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make qemu_aarch64_virt_defconfig
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# 编译生成kernel和rootfs
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make -j$(nproc)

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❯ ls
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Image  rootfs.ext2  rootfs.ext4  start-qemu.sh

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qemu-system-aarch64 \
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  -M virt \
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  -cpu cortex-a53 \
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  -nographic \
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  -smp 1 \
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  -kernel Image \
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  -append "rootwait root=/dev/vda console=ttyAMA0" \
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  -netdev user,id=eth0 \
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  -device virtio-net-device,netdev=eth0 \
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  -drive file=rootfs.ext4,if=none,format=raw,id=hd0 \
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  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd0

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❯ ./start-qemu.sh
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Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x410fd034]
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Linux version 6.18.7 (hao@archlinux) (aarch64-buildroot-linux-gnu-gcc.br_real (Buildroot 2026.02-701-ga9942e8793) 14.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.45.1) #1 SMP Thu Apr 30 16:33:49 CST 2026
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random: crng init done
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Machine model: linux,dummy-virt
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efi: UEFI not found.
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OF: reserved mem: Reserved memory: No reserved-memory node in the DT
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Zone ranges:
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  DMA      [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x0000000047ffffff]
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  DMA32    empty
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  Normal   empty
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Movable zone start for each node
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Early memory node ranges
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  node   0: [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x0000000047ffffff]
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Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x0000000047ffffff]
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psci: probing for conduit method from DT.
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psci: PSCIv1.1 detected in firmware.
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psci: Using standard PSCI v0.2 function IDs
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psci: Trusted OS migration not required
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psci: SMC Calling Convention v1.0
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percpu: Embedded 20 pages/cpu s43864 r8192 d29864 u81920
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Detected VIPT I-cache on CPU0
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CPU features: detected: ARM erratum 845719
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alternatives: applying boot alternatives
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Kernel command line: rootwait root=/dev/vda console=ttyAMA0
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printk: log buffer data + meta data: 131072 + 458752 = 589824 bytes
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Dentry cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, linear)
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Inode-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear)
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software IO TLB: SWIOTLB bounce buffer size adjusted to 0MB
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software IO TLB: area num 1.
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software IO TLB: mapped [mem 0x0000000047f1e000-0x0000000047f5e000] (0MB)
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Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 32768
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mem auto-init: stack:all(zero), heap alloc:off, heap free:off
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SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
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rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation.
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rcu:    RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=512 to nr_cpu_ids=1.
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rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies.
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rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1
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NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
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Root IRQ handler: gic_handle_irq
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GICv2m: range[mem 0x08020000-0x08020fff], SPI[80:143]
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rcu: srcu_init: Setting srcu_struct sizes based on contention.
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arch_timer: cp15 timer running at 62.50MHz (virt).
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clocksource: arch_sys_counter: mask: 0x1ffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e208c, max_idle_ns: 881590405314 ns
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sched_clock: 57 bits at 63MHz, resolution 16ns, wraps every 4398046511096ns
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Console: colour dummy device 80x25
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Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 125.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=250000)
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pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
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Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
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Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
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cacheinfo: Unable to detect cache hierarchy for CPU 0
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rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
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rcu:    Max phase no-delay instances is 1000.
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EFI services will not be available.
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smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
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smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU
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SMP: Total of 1 processors activated.
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CPU: All CPU(s) started at EL1
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CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL0 Support
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CPU features: detected: CRC32 instructions
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CPU features: detected: PMUv3
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alternatives: applying system-wide alternatives
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Memory: 112176K/131072K available (8640K kernel code, 894K rwdata, 2100K rodata, 1152K init, 510K bss, 17476K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
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devtmpfs: initialized
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clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
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posixtimers hash table entries: 512 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
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futex hash table entries: 256 (16384 bytes on 1 NUMA nodes, total 16 KiB, linear).
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29392 pages in range for non-PLT usage
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520912 pages in range for PLT usage
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DMI not present or invalid.
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NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family
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DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations
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DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA pool for atomic allocations
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DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic allocations
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thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'
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cpuidle: using governor menu
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hw-breakpoint: found 6 breakpoint and 4 watchpoint registers.
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ASID allocator initialised with 65536 entries
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Serial: AMBA PL011 UART driver
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9000000.pl011: ttyAMA0 at MMIO 0x9000000 (irq = 13, base_baud = 0) is a PL011 rev1
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printk: console [ttyAMA0] enabled
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ACPI: Interpreter disabled.
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iommu: Default domain type: Translated
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iommu: DMA domain TLB invalidation policy: strict mode
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SCSI subsystem initialized
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pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
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pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
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PTP clock support registered
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vgaarb: loaded
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clocksource: Switched to clocksource arch_sys_counter
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pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled
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NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family
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IP idents hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
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tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
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Table-perturb hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear)
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TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
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TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear)
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TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
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UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
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UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
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NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family
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PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64
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workingset: timestamp_bits=46 max_order=15 bucket_order=0
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fuse: init (API version 7.45)
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Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 249)
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io scheduler mq-deadline registered
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io scheduler kyber registered
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: host bridge /pcie@10000000 ranges:
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie:       IO 0x003eff0000..0x003effffff -> 0x0000000000
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie:      MEM 0x0010000000..0x003efeffff -> 0x0010000000
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie:      MEM 0x8000000000..0xffffffffff -> 0x8000000000
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: Memory resource size exceeds max for 32 bits
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: ECAM at [mem 0x4010000000-0x401fffffff] for [bus 00-ff]
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pci-host-generic 4010000000.pcie: PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
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pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
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pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io  0x0000-0xffff]
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pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x10000000-0x3efeffff]
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pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x8000000000-0xffffffffff]
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pci 0000:00:00.0: [1b36:0008] type 00 class 0x060000 conventional PCI endpoint
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pci_bus 0000:00: resource 4 [io  0x0000-0xffff]
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pci_bus 0000:00: resource 5 [mem 0x10000000-0x3efeffff]
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pci_bus 0000:00: resource 6 [mem 0x8000000000-0xffffffffff]
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virtio_blk virtio0: 1/0/0 default/read/poll queues
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virtio_blk virtio0: [vda] 122880 512-byte logical blocks (62.9 MB/60.0 MiB)
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rtc-pl031 9010000.pl031: registered as rtc0
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rtc-pl031 9010000.pl031: setting system clock to 2026-04-30T08:36:05 UTC (1777538165)
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hw perfevents: enabled with armv8_pmuv3 PMU driver, 7 (0,8000003f) counters available
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NET: Registered PF_INET6 protocol family
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Segment Routing with IPv6
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In-situ OAM (IOAM) with IPv6
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sit: IPv6, IPv4 and MPLS over IPv4 tunneling driver
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NET: Registered PF_PACKET protocol family
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NET: Registered PF_KEY protocol family
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NET: Registered PF_VSOCK protocol family
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registered taskstats version 1
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clk: Disabling unused clocks
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PM: genpd: Disabling unused power domains
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check access for rdinit=/init failed: -2, ignoring
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EXT4-fs (vda): orphan cleanup on readonly fs
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EXT4-fs (vda): mounted filesystem c394bba6-5965-4a70-a0a4-17e04562b2fb ro with ordered data mode. Quota mode: disabled.
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VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) readonly on device 254:0.
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devtmpfs: mounted
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Freeing unused kernel memory: 1152K
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Run /sbin/init as init process
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EXT4-fs (vda): re-mounted c394bba6-5965-4a70-a0a4-17e04562b2fb r/w.
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Saving 256 bits of creditable seed for next boot
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Starting syslogd: OK
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Starting klogd: OK
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Running sysctl: OK
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Starting network: udhcpc: started, v1.37.0
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udhcpc: broadcasting discover
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udhcpc: broadcasting select for 10.0.2.15, server 10.0.2.2
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udhcpc: lease of 10.0.2.15 obtained from 10.0.2.2, lease time 86400
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deleting routers
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adding dns 10.0.2.3
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OK
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Starting crond: OK
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Welcome to Buildroot
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buildroot login: root
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# ls
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# pwd
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/root
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# ls /
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bin           lib           media         root          tmp
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crond.reboot  lib64         mnt           run           usr
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dev           linuxrc       opt           sbin          var
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etc           lost+found    proc          sys